Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA) has been identified to have an outstanding ability to remove heavy metal ions. Hence, nano-hydroxyapatite-cellulose hydrogel composites were developed to investigate the effects of the HA produced from Marcia marmorata clam shell biomass in the composites on increasing the adsorption capacity of a hydrogel to remove heavy metals from industrial wastewater. The hydrogel performance in the removal of heavy metal ions was investigated using a palm oil mill effluent (POME), which is the industrial wastewater from a palm oil mill. The addition of nano-hydroxyapatite in the cellulose hydrogel matrix succeeded in increasing the hydrogel adsorption capacity in the extraction of heavy metal ions, such as Cu2+, Pb2+, Fe2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+. The resulting composite hydrogel with 1.5% of wt/v% of nano-hydroxyapatite managed to get rid of 70.24%, 57.74%, 48.56%, 27.33%, and 25.98% of Cu2+, Pb2+, Fe2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+ ions from POME, respectively. The success of this composite hydrogel in removing heavy metals is an important achievement in the field of industrial wastewater treatment, as it uses the nano-hydroxyapatite produced from the clam shell residual and cellulose powder as the raw materials for the synthesis of the composite instead of using chemicals that are harmful to the environment.
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