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Abstract
We report the responsive fluorescence chemosensory phenomena of a carbazole-functionalized crosslinked polymer (PCaT) with pendent terpyridine (tpy) groups as receptors of metal ions. The polymer was synthesized using Heck polymerization between 3,6-dibromide groups in a carbazole-based polymer (PC2Br) and divinyl tpy monomer. The effects of the polymeric structure on the optical and chemosensory properties of the PCaT were compared with those of a carbazole-tpy alternating conjugated polymer (PCT). Photoluminescence titrations demonstrated that the PCaT and PCT had the high sensing ability toward Fe3+ ions, with Stern–Volmer constants of 8.10 × 104 and 6.68 × 104 M−1, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) toward Fe3+ of the PCaT and PCT was estimated to be 1.31 × 10−6 and 1.81 × 10−6 M, respectively, and the superior LOD of the PCaT was ascribed to its lowly crosslinked structure. The fluorescence of the solutions of these polymers that were quenched by Fe3+ ions recovered when trace CN− anions were added because of the high stability constant of the CN−–Fe3+ complex. Micellar aggregates with a mean diameter of approximately 239.5 nm were formed by dissolving the PCaT in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution. Our results suggest that the PCaT is a promising material for chemosensory applications.
Highlights
In recent decades, there has been remarkable growth in the use of conjugated polymers as fluorescent chemosensors for measuring pH, sensing chemical analytes, and detecting metal ions or biological species by employing their emission color or fluorescence intensity [1,2,3,4,5]
Fluorescent chemosensors generally contain a recognition site linked to a fluorophore, and a recognition event is translated into a fluorescent signal [6]
Numerous studies have been conducted with tpy units used as recognition sites, and the marked effect that that choice of ligands has on the detection of metal ions in biological and environmental systems has been widely demonstrated [20,21]
Summary
There has been remarkable growth in the use of conjugated polymers as fluorescent chemosensors for measuring pH, sensing chemical analytes, and detecting metal ions or biological species by employing their emission color or fluorescence intensity [1,2,3,4,5]. Numerous studies have been conducted with tpy units used as recognition sites, and the marked effect that that choice of ligands has on the detection of metal ions in biological and environmental systems has been widely demonstrated [20,21]. In our previous study [37], we employed a two-step RAFT polymerization technique to synthesize a vinylcarbazole macro-CTA and a novel tpy-based block polymer, poly(N-vinylcarbazole)-block-poly[40 -((4-vinylphenyl) phenyl)-2,20 :60 ,200 -terpyridine], to demonstrate the effect of a tpy unit on the sensory characteristics of fluorescent chemosensors. We combined RAFT polymerization with a Heck coupling technique to synthesize a carbazole-functionalized crosslinked polymer (PCaT) with pendent tpy units as co-monomers in the. We examined the structural effect of the carbazole and tpy groups in the polymeric structure on the optical and chemosensory properties and self-assembly of the PCaT. The PCaT exhibited micellar aggregates in pure THF and in the THF–H2 O mixture, which makes this polymer a promising material for high-potential chemosensory response and rapid microphase separation applications
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