Synthesis, characterization and application of magnetic carbon nanotubes for the simultaneous extraction and high performance liquid chromatographic determination of codeine and morphine in human urine, blood serum, opium and tablet samples

Abstract

In the present research, magnetic carbon nanotubes were synthesized and applied as nanoadsorbent for the simultaneous solid phase extraction of codeine and morphine prior to their determination via high performance liquid chromatography. The morphology of the synthesized nanoadsorbent was investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Under the optimum conditions, codeine and morphine were linear in the concentration range of 0.003–1.0 μg mL−1. Also, the detection limits of 0.9 ng mL−1 and 0.8 ng mL−1 were achieved for codeine and morphine, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations were 6.8% and 7.8% for codeine and 4.8% and 8.5% for morphine, respectively. Finally, the suggested method was successfully applied in human urine, blood serum, opium, opium residues and tablet samples with satisfactory results.