Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles as Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents

Abstract

In order to provide a straightforward, affordable, and environmentally friendly process for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles, scientists are turning to natural ways like employing plant extract in response to rising antimicrobial resistance and the desire for novel biocidal agents. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of phyto-fabricated silver nanoparticles and antimicrobial agents against selected indoor bacterial and fungal strains isolated from the lecture and office rooms of Chukwuemeka Odimegwu Ojukwu University, Uli Nigeria. The indoor microorganisms were isolated, identified, and quantified using standard methods. To prepare and generate the aqueous extract employed in the biological synthesis of the silver nanoparticle, fresh soursop seeds were room dried, crushed, heated to boiling, and double filtered. The phyto-fabricated nanoparticles were centrifuged, dried and used for physicochemical characterization and antimicrobial assay. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Fourier transformed Infra-Red Spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analyses. The antimicrobial assay was carried out using agar well diffusion method. The results revealed that Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Vibrio, Rhizopus, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Microsporum were identified as the predominant potential indoor bacterial and fungal pathogenic strains. The characterized biogenic nanoparticles revealed the optical, spectral and morphological features unique to silver nanoparticles. Also, the antibacterial screening revealed that the highest zone of inhibition was observed against Vibrio sp. (27.50 ± 7.5 mm) at a concentration of 30 μg/mL while standard antifungal drug (ketoconazole) had the highest zone of inhibition of 21.0 ± 1.0 mm at 3.25 μg/mL against Microsporum gypseum while standard antifungal drug (ketoconazole) and Ag-NPs had the lowest zone of inhibition of 11.0 ± 1.0 mm at 15.0 μg/mL and 7.5 μg/mL against Rhizopus sp. and Aspergillus flavus, respectively. The negative control (DMSO) had no zone of inhibition on any of the potential indoor bacterial and fungal pathogenic strains. Statistically, there was significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of bacterial and fungal pathogenic strains among the means of treatment doses of A. muricata AgNPs, ciprofloxacin and ketoconazole standard antibiotics. The excellent antimicrobial inhibition of the tested indoor bacterial and fungal strains by the A. muricata fabricated silver nanoparticles even at MIC of 3.25 μg/mL could be exploited as biostatic and biocidal agents where there is contamination or public health risk of pathogenic indoor bacteria and fungi.