Abstract
Obtaining nanoscale materials has allowed for the miniaturization of components, which has led to the possibility of achieving more efficient devices with faster functions and much lower costs. While hydroxyapatite [HAp, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] is considered the most widely used material for medical applications in orthopedics, dentistry, and general surgery, the magnesium (Mg) is viewed as a promising biodegradable and biocompatible implant material. Furthermore, Mg is regarded as a strong candidate for developing medical implants due to its biocompatibility and antimicrobial properties against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. For this study, magnesium-doped hydroxyapatite (Ca10−xMgx (PO4)6 (OH)2, xMg = 0.1), 10MgHAp, suspensions were successfully obtained by an adapted and simple chemical co-precipitation method. The information regarding the stability of the nanosized 10MgHAp particles suspension obtained by ζ-potential analysis were confirmed for the first time by a non-destructive ultrasound-based technique. Structural and morphological studies of synthesized 10MgHAp were conducted by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance (ATR) mode and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD analysis of the 10MgHAp samples confirmed that a single crystalline phase associated to HAp with an average grain size about 93.3 nm was obtained. The FTIR-ATR spectra revealed that the 10MgHAp sample presented broader IR bands with less visible peaks when compared to a well-crystallized pure HAp. The SEM results evidenced uniform MgHAp nanoparticles with spherical shape. The antimicrobial activity of the 10MgHAp suspension against gram-positive strains (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212), gram-negative strains (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853), as well as a fungal strain (Candida albicans ATCC 90029) were evaluated.
Highlights
Nowadays, bone substitutions are being increasingly used in surgery and are reported in second place in the human tissue replacement procedures after blood transfusion
Structural and morphological studies of synthesized 10MgHAp were conducted by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance (ATR) mode and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
The values of the absorbance at 490 nm obtained in the case of the microbial cells incubated with HAp suspensions were comparable or higher to the ones obtained for the control culture. These results indicate that the antimicrobial effect of the 10MgHAp suspensions are due to the magnesium presence in the lattice of the hydroxyapatite
Summary
Bone substitutions are being increasingly used in surgery and are reported in second place in the human tissue replacement procedures after blood transfusion. One of the most studied CaPs is pure hydroxyapatite [HAp, (Ca10 (PO4) (OH)2], especially for the development of osteoconductive ceramic materials with application in orthopedics, dentistry, and general surgery [3,4,5,6,7,8]. Despite excellent biocompatibility and osteoconductive properties, pure HAp has limited applicability because of its inadequate mechanical properties (e.g., reduced strength and fragility) [9,10]. Another deficiency of HAp was reported to be the design limitations and the high degree of crystallinity which prevents resorption during bone remodeling stage [11,12]. Many studies have been focused on the improvement of mechanical properties, osteointegration, and implantation efficacy of apatitic bone substitutes [3,13,14]
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