Abstract
Phenol – Formaldehyde Resin (PFR) is blended with Sulphonated Phyllanthus emblica, Linn., Carbon (SPEC) in various proportions by weight percentage (0-50%w/w). A few composite cation-exchangers were prepared by varying the amount of SPEC (a source of cheap and renevable plant material) in the blends from 10 to 50% (w/w). Reaction conditions for the preparation of blends were optimised. IR spectra, TGA traces, and SEM photos were taken for the characterization of resins. Physico-chemical, properties of the composite resins have been determined. The composites are insoluble in various solvents and reagents and stable towards heat. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the composite resins, decreased with the increasing percentage of SPEC in the blend. Thermodynamic equilibrium constants (lnK) are calculated for H+ - Zn2+ exchanges on the resins having a different amount of SPEC. Thermodynamic parameters are also calculated and suitable explanations are given. The composites up to 20% (w/w) blending retains all the essential properties of the original PFR, since the Phyllanthus emblica, Linn., is the low cost, freely available plant material. Therefore, the composites could be used as low cost ion-exchangers, when SPEC partly replaces the original PFR up to 20% (w/w) blending without affecting the properties of PFR.
Highlights
Industrialised nations of the world are taking active measures to control the environmental pollution caused by chemicals
Earlier studies have shown that the cheaper composite ion-exchangers could be prepared by partially blending the macro porous phenol-formaldehyde sulphonic acid resin matrix by sulphonated charcoals prepared from coal[2], saw dust[3], spent coffee[4], cashew nut husk[5], wheat husk[6], turmeric plant[7], spent tea, gum tree bark[8], accacia nilotica [9] and Egyptian bagasse pith [10]. activated carbons obtained from agricultural wastes[11], Terminalia chebula Retz., Carbon[12] Achyranthes aspera,Linn., Carbon[13], Eugenia jambolana, Lam, Carbon[14], Heavy metals are removed by bamboo activated carbon, natural clinptitolite, titanate nanoflowers and poly(Hydroxy ethyal methacrylate/Malemic acid) hydro gel[15,16,17,18]
The results are consistent with the earlier report [10]. It is concluded from the present study that Phenol – Formaldehyde Resin (PFR) sample could be blended up to 20% (w/w) of SPEC, without affecting its spectral, thermal, and textural and physic chemical properties
Summary
Industrialised nations of the world are taking active measures to control the environmental pollution caused by chemicals. Usually a decreasing level of pollutants is achieved rather than the selective removal and recovery. There is an urgent need to find out the new low cost ion exchange resins (IERs) and reduce its cost by blending it with sulphonated carbons prepared from plant materials. Such types of low cost ion exchangers can be prepared by blending cheaper and freely available plant materials containing phenolic groups. Attempts have been made to prepare cheaper cationic resins from waste materials and natural products. Earlier studies have shown that the cheaper composite ion-exchangers could be prepared by partially blending the macro porous phenol-formaldehyde sulphonic acid resin matrix by sulphonated charcoals prepared from coal[2], saw dust[3], spent coffee[4], cashew nut husk[5], wheat husk[6], turmeric plant[7], spent tea, gum tree bark[8], accacia nilotica [9] and Egyptian bagasse pith [10]. activated carbons obtained from agricultural wastes[11], Terminalia chebula Retz., Carbon[12] Achyranthes aspera,Linn., Carbon[13], Eugenia jambolana, Lam, Carbon[14], Heavy metals are removed by bamboo activated carbon, natural clinptitolite, titanate nanoflowers and poly(Hydroxy ethyal methacrylate/Malemic acid) hydro gel[15,16,17,18]
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