Abstract
This work aims to synthesize chitosan from locally available cowry and crab shells for Pharmaceutical application in drug delivery. Chitosan was synthesized from both shells using standard deacetylation technique. The synthesized chitosan, piroxicam and lactose were employed in preparing the drug loaded tablets by direct compression technique and subjected to characterization with the aid of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Spectroscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy. Finally, the drug release rate was investigated with in vitro drug dissolution test. The results of FTIR spectra confirmed that the biopolymer extract was chitosan and it also shows that there was no interaction between chitosan and the piroxicam. The morphological properties of the samples were found to be suitable for drug delivery. The applied load and composition of tablets influenced the drug release rates.
Highlights
The National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference defined a biomaterial as ‘‘any substance or combination of substances, synthetic or natural in origin, which can be used for any period of time, as a whole or as a part of a system which treats, augments, or replaces any tissue, organ, or function of the body’’ (10) while Williams defined a biomaterial as a nonviable material used in a medical device, intended to interact with biological systems (36)
These spectra confirmed that the structures of the two different chitosan are chitosan. (6, 21) It is reported that the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrum of chitosan exhibits major bands at 3444 cm-1, 2919 cm-1, 1659 cm-1, 1420 cm-1, 1080 cm-1 and 1033 cm-1 corresponding to OH group (3444 cm-1), stretching of CH2 (2919 cm-1), amide I band (1659 cm-1), vibration of OH ring (1420 cm1), stretching of CH (1080 cm-1) and –C-O-C linkage (1033 cm-1)
These bands, which are the main characteristic bands of chitosan [18,24], are similar to those observed in the spectrum of the chitosan synthesized from the crab and cowry shells, chitosan obtained from crab shell (CCR) and chitosan obtained from cowry shell (CCW) (Figure 3), i.e., 3448.84 cm-1, 2931.90 cm-1, 1654.98 cm-1, 1429.3 cm-1, 1070.53 cm-1 and 1033.88 cm-1 NH stretching bands are found in the spectrum of CCR and CCW at 3109.35 cm-1 and 3232.08 cm-1 which is similar to what was observed by Mohammed et al [17]
Summary
The National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference defined a biomaterial as ‘‘any substance (other than a drug) or combination of substances, synthetic or natural in origin, which can be used for any period of time, as a whole or as a part of a system which treats, augments, or replaces any tissue, organ, or function of the body’’ (10) while Williams defined a biomaterial as a nonviable material used in a medical device, intended to interact with biological systems (36). This work focuses on the application of biomaterial in drug delivery systems (DDS). Drug delivery systems introduced as formulations or instruments which enable to control the release rate of a biological agent (most especially a drug) in the target site. Drug delivery systems are an interface between patient and drug.
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