Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are becoming a leading cause of death in the world, and attention is being paid to develop natural drug-based treatment to cure heart diseases. Curcumin, ginger, and magnolol are pharmaceutically active in many ways, having properties including anticoagulation, antiproliferation, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant, and may be used to synthesis coatings for drug-eluting stents to treat cardiovascular diseases. In the present investigation, a degradable polymer with varying molecular weights was used as a drug carrier to control the degradation of polymer; three different natural drugs such as curcumin, magnolol, and ginger were used owing to their reported pharmacological properties. The results of in vitro measurements of all three natural drugs released from drug-loaded polymeric films showed an initial burst release followed by a sustained release for up to 38 days of measurement. On the other hand, different levels of hemocompatibility were observed by varying concentrations of natural drugs in human erythrocytes. As per the ASTM F756 standard, ginger having low concentration showed optimum hemocompatibility with regard to the drug-eluting stent application as compared with magnolol and curcumin concentrations, which showed suboptimal hemocompatibility and fall in the range of mild-to-severe blood toxicity category. The structure of the coating films was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with results suggesting that there was no chemical bonding between the polymer and drug. Thus, according to this study, it can be concluded that after more detailed in vitro testing such as hemocompatibility tests and platelet adhesion testing, ginger can be a better candidate as a drug-coating material for drug-eluting stent applications.
Highlights
Every year, the ratio of deaths due to cardiovascular diseases is increasing dramatically [1]. e primary cause of coronary vascular diseases (CVDs) is the development of atherosclerotic lesions in the arterial wall obstructing blood flow to the heart tissues by narrowing the arterial lumen.is condition is known as atherosclerosis. e underlying source of atherosclerosis is the high cholesterol levels in blood, which along with other factors such as smoking and hypertension causes dysfunctioning of the endothelium
Low-density lipids (LDLs) taking advantage of endothelium malfunctioning enter into the intimal layer, initiating the cascade of immune response. e presence of LDLs in the intima causes the influx of macrophages that engulf the LDLs and become foam cells, the hallmark of atherosclerosis. e formation of foam cells and release of growth factors lead towards the migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from the medial layer to intima
Degradation Studies. e degradation profile of composites was evaluated by recording weight loss at predetermined time intervals (Figures 1–9). e degradation profile of all drug-loaded Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (H) and PVA (L + H) films was divided into two stages; during first 48 hours, a sudden increase in the weight of the films was observed (Figures 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8) because of the absorption of the buffer solution by PVA followed by a decrease in weight, which continued for more than 60 days
Summary
The ratio of deaths due to cardiovascular diseases is increasing dramatically [1]. e primary cause of coronary vascular diseases (CVDs) is the development of atherosclerotic lesions in the arterial wall obstructing blood flow to the heart tissues by narrowing the arterial lumen.is condition is known as atherosclerosis. e underlying source of atherosclerosis is the high cholesterol levels in blood, which along with other factors such as smoking and hypertension causes dysfunctioning of the endothelium (the inner most layer of artery). Figure 14: % Drug release % of magnolol-loaded PVA (H) films. % cumulative release LM5 % cumulative release LM10 % cumulative release LM15 Figure 15: Drug release of magnolol-loaded PVA (L) films.
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