Abstract
The global demand for fossil fuels has increased sharply in the past 50 years. Plant biomass is one of the fourth largest non-fossil renewable energy sources after geothermal, solar, and wind energy. Biomass can be first converted into another energy form, such as ethanol, to provide a more efficient energy source. Syngas fermentation enables converting all biomass components, including lignin, into ethanol, thereby increasing the biomass quantity. The development of the syngas fermentation process will be reviewed in this article, which focuses on the types of microorganisms used, the effect of syngas composition, and the gas-liquid mass transfer to be used as a reference for optimizing the syngas fermentation process.
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