Abstract
Since 1995, Margalefidinium polykrikoides blooms have occurred frequently in the waters around the Korean peninsula. In the South Sea of Korea (SSK), large-scale M. polykrikoides blooms form offshore and are often transported to the coast, where they gradually accumulate. The objective of this study was to investigate the synergistic effect of multi-sensor data for identifying M. polykrikoides blooms in the SSK from July 2018 to August 2018. We found that the Spectral Shape values calculated from in situ spectra and M. polykrikoides cell abundances in the SSK were highly correlated. Comparing red tide spectra from near-coincident multi-sensor data, remote-sensing reflectance (Rrs) spectra were similar to the spectra of in situ measurements from blue to green wavelengths. Rrs true-color composite images and Spectral Shape images of each sensor showed a clear pattern of M. polykrikoides patches, although there were some limitations for detecting red tide patches in coastal areas. We confirmed the complementarity of red tide data extracted from each sensor using an integrated red tide map. Statistical assessment showed that the sensitivity of red tide detection increased when multi-sensor data were used rather than single-sensor data. These results provide useful information for the application of multi-sensor for red tide detection.
Highlights
Harmful algal blooms (HABs), wherein accumulation of plankton causes discoloration of water, are increasing worldwide
The input was in-situ data, identified as M. polykrikoides red tide or non-M. polykrikoides red tide pixels, while the output from detection by various sensors was M. polykrikoides red tide (MR) or non-M. polykrikoides red tide. This comparison consists of four categories: (1) mr. classified as MR, (2) mr. classified as nMR, (3) nmr classified as CR, and (4) nmr classified as nMR
The minimum cell abundance occurred at station Y02 in Namhae, where no M. polykrikoides bloom occurred
Summary
Harmful algal blooms (HABs), wherein accumulation of plankton causes discoloration of water, are increasing worldwide. They often cause high mortality of fish and shellfish, and by extension great economic losses in the aquaculture and tourism industries [1,2]. In Korean waters, Margalefidinium (previous called as Cochlodinium) polykrikoides [5] blooms have gradually become larger, wider, and more frequent since 1995. This species first bloomed in the South Sea of Korea (SSK) and has expanded to the West Sea (Yellow Sea) and East Sea (Sea of Japan) [6].
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