Abstract
Contrary to popular belief, it is possible to obtain X-ray photoelectron spectra for elements lighter than lithium, namely hydrogen and helium. The literature is plagued with claims of this impossibility, which holds true for lab-based X-ray sources. However, this limitation is merely technical and is related mostly to the low X-ray photoionization cross-sections of the 1s orbitals of hydrogen and helium. In this letter, we show that, using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), a bright-enough X-ray source allows the study of these elusive elements. This has important implications in the understanding of the limitations of one of the most useful techniques in materials science, and moreover, it potentially opens the possibility of using XPS to directly study the most abundant element in the universe.
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