Abstract
During behavioral experiments, humans placed in a situation of having to choose between a more valuable but risky reward and a less valuable but guaranteed reward make their decisions in accordance with external situational factors and individual characteristics, such as inclination to risk or caution. In such situations, humans can be divided into “risk-inclined” and “risk-averse” (or “cautious”) subjects. In this work, characteristics of EEG rhythms, such as phase–phase relationships and time lags between rhythms, were studied in pairs of alpha–beta and theta–beta rhythms. Phase difference can also be expressed as a time lag. It has been suggested that statistically significant time lags between rhythms are due to the combined neural activity of anatomically separate, independent (in activation/inhibition processes) ensembles. The extents of synchronicity between rhythms were compared as percentages between risk-inclined and risk-averse subjects. The results showed that synchronicity in response to stimuli was more often observed in pairs of alpha–beta rhythms of risk-averse subjects compared with risk-inclined subjects during the choice of a more valuable but less probable reward. In addition, significant differences in the percentage ratio of alpha and beta rhythms were revealed between (i) cases of synchronization without long time lags and (ii) cases with long time lags between rhythms (from 0.08 to 0.1 s).
Highlights
The topics of learning and decision-making related to the probability of reward associated with risk are considered from different points of view and using different approaches
Based on the selected behavioral strategy, all subjects were classified into two groups according to their preferences all choosing subjects red wereand classified into during two groups risk-averse) showed according their for green circles all 200
Participants were consciously calculate the best way to get the maximum number of points, and the behavior of the subjects not able to consciously the best to way to get the maximum number of points, and the behavior was determined only bycalculate their inclination risk
Summary
The topics of learning and decision-making related to the probability of reward associated with risk are considered from different points of view and using different approaches. The authors studied behavioral aspects of the problem, and perception mechanisms operating during the decision-making process. A variety of studies have revealed the cortical and subcortical structures responsible for behavior connected to taking a risk when making a certain decision. Cohen and Ranganath [2] showed that the prefrontal cortex, corpus amygdaloideum, and ventral striatum play a considerable role in the decision-making process. According to Donnelly et al [3], the medial prefrontal cortex, ventral striatum, and nucleus accumbens could be the key areas in control of behavior for future reward, and dysfunction in these areas may cause increased impulsivity. Daw and Doya [4] showed the role of brain structures such as the striatum and the frontal and parietal cortex in choice based on risk of a probable reward
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