Abstract
PurposeThe purpose of this article was to investigate the relationship between symptoms related to air pollution, mask-wearing, mask choices and related factors.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional study among outpatient department (OPD) pollution clinic patients at Nopparat Rajathanee Hospital (PCNRH) during 2019 in Bangkok, Thailand.FindingsThe most common symptom after exposure to air pollution that affects treatment in the OPD is respiratory symptoms. A total of 45.7% (107/234) of the population wears a mask, 55.1% (59/107) of the population that wears a mask wears a surgical mask, and only 10.3% (11/107) of them wear an N95 mask. Mask-wearing and air quality index (AQI) onset were associated with the respiratory symptoms group, whereas wearing an N95 mask or surgical mask was found to be a protective factor for the occurrence of respiratory symptoms (adjusted OR = 0.065, 95% CI: 0.014–0.306, p = 0.001 and adjusted OR = 0.154, 95% CI: 0.058–0.404, p < 0.001, respectively). Therefore, the best practice in the face of air pollution, while the resolution needs a long period, is to wear a mask. In this study, the results showed that the best type of mask to prevent respiratory symptoms from air pollution is the N95, followed by the surgical mask; cloth masks are not recommended to use to protect against respiratory symptoms from air pollution.Research limitations/implicationsWearing an N95 and a surgical mask can help reduce respiratory symptoms. Hence, in addition to establishing hospital measures, cooperation from local and government agencies is necessary to effectively and jointly build a national health public policy framework.Originality/value1. This study provides evidence of a correlation between symptoms associated with air pollution and related factors, in-hospital visits in Bangkok, Thailand. 2. In this study, wearing an N95 mask and a surgical mask were found to be a protective factor for the occurrence of respiratory symptoms.
Highlights
IntroductionThe global burden of environment-related diseases has increased at an alarming pace
Over the past decade, the global burden of environment-related diseases has increased at an alarming pace
In 2016, The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimated that 90% of the urban population lived in an environment where dust contamination was higher than the established air quality index (AQI) values. 91% of the burden of air pollution occurred in low- to middleincome countries, mostly in Southeast Asia and the Asia-Pacific Region
Summary
The global burden of environment-related diseases has increased at an alarming pace. In 2012, 12.6 million deaths worldwide were attributable to unhealthy environments [1]. 91% of the burden of air pollution occurred in low- to middleincome countries, mostly in Southeast Asia and the Asia-Pacific Region. In 2016, ambient (outdoor) air pollution in low-, middle- and high-income countries, in both cities and rural areas, was estimated to be the cause of 4.2 million premature deaths worldwide due to exposure to air pollution, causing cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and cancers [2]. The Bangkok metropolitan area (BMA) has a population of 10 million people, and the recent rapid development of economics and society has resulted in a severe air pollution problem
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