Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) include organochlorine pesticides, plastics manufacturing by-products, and certain herbicides[1]. These chemicals have been shown to disrupt hormonal signaling in exposed wildlife, lab animals, and mammalian cell culture by binding to estrogen receptors (ER-α and ER-β) and affecting the expression of estrogen responsive genes[2,3]. Additionally, certain plant chemicals, termed phytoestrogens, are also able to bind to estrogen receptors and modulate gene expression, and as such also may be considered EDCs[4]. One example of phytoestrogen action is genistein, a phytochemical produced by soybeans, binding estrogen receptors, and changing expression of estrogen responsive genes which certain studies have linked to a lower incidence of hormonally related cancers in Japanese populations[5]. Why would plants make compounds that are able to act as estrogens in the human body? Obviously, soybeans do not intentionally produce phytoestrogens to prevent breast cancer in Japanese women.
Highlights
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) include organochlorine pesticides, plastics manufacturing by-products, and certain herbicides[1]
One reason legumes, such as soybean and alfalfa, produce these phytochemicals is to initiate a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium soil bacteria which are able to inhabit plant roots and, in exchange for a carbon food source from the plant, reduce 120 million tons of atmospheric nitrogen per year into ammonia, which serves as a natural fertilizer for host plants[6]
In light of the similarities between estrogenic and symbiotic signaling, our research considered the possibility that chemicals that disrupt estrogenic signaling in mammals, EDCs, disrupt phytochemical signaling between the host plant alfalfa and the soil bacteria Sinorhizobium meliloti (S. meliloti) necessary for nitrogen-fixing symbiosis[2,3]
Summary
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) include organochlorine pesticides, plastics manufacturing by-products, and certain herbicides[1]. One reason legumes, such as soybean and alfalfa, produce these phytochemicals is to initiate a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium soil bacteria which are able to inhabit plant roots and, in exchange for a carbon food source from the plant, reduce 120 million tons of atmospheric nitrogen per year into ammonia, which serves as a natural fertilizer for host plants[6].
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