Abstract
ABSTRACTThe objectives of this study were to examine whether sustained exercise training at four water velocities, i.e. nearly still water (control), 1 body length (BL) s−1, 2 BL s−1 and 4 BL s−1, has effects on swimming performance and digestive metabolism in juvenile black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus). The results demonstrated that fish subjected to sustained training at 2 and 4 BL s−1 showed significantly higher critical swimming speed (Ucrit) and maximum metabolic rate (MMR) over the control group. Fish subjected to sustained training at 1 and 2 BL s−1 showed a significantly (30 and 54%) prolonged duration, 14 and 17% higher postprandial ṀO2 increment (i.e. ṀO2peak), and 62 and 92% more energy expended on specific dynamic action (SDA), respectively, after consuming a similar meal over fish kept in nearly still water. These results suggest that (1) sustained exercise training at a higher speed (2 or 4 BL s−1) had a positive influence on the aerobic swimming performance of juvenile M. piceus, which may be associated with improved aerobic metabolism; and (2) sustained exercise training at a lower speed (1 or 2 BL s−1) resulted in elevated postprandial metabolic responses in juvenile M. piceus.
Highlights
Sustained exercise training produced no significant effect on the cost of transport (COT), whereas the swimming speed had a significant effect on the COT of the fish (P
Effects of sustained exercise training on the swimming performance of juvenile M. piceus Because sustained exercise training typically involves swimming speeds that mainly utilize red muscle, it has been suggested that aerobic endurance training has a significant effect on aerobic swimming performance among fish species (Davison, 1994, 1997)
Improved used to measure the critical swimming speed (Ucrit) was recorded in trained common carp (Cyprinus carpio) (60% Ucrit for 28 days) (He et al, 2013) and goldfish (Carassius auratus) (70% Ucrit for 48 h) (Fu et al, 2011)
Summary
Exercise training has been found to have complex effects on a variety of vertebrates, including humans (Hoppeler et al, 1985; Smart and Marwick, 2004), mammals (Musch et al, 1985; Evans and Rose, 1988), birds (Butler and Turner, 1988), reptiles (Thompson, 1997; Owerkowicz and Baudinette, 2008), amphibians (Pang et al, 2011; Miller and Camilliere, 1981) and fish (Davison, 1997; Li et al, 2016). There is a wealth of evidence showing that exercise training has significant effects on swimming performance (Li et al, 2010a,b; Pang et al, 2011), feeding (Jørgensen and Jobling, 1993; Liu et al, 2009), growth rate (Brown et al, 2011; Li et al, 2013a,b), disease resistance (Castro et al, 2011), reproductive performance (Tsadik and Bart, 2007; Palstra et al, 2010a), behavioral characteristics (Totland et al, 1987; Van der Meulen et al, 2006) and gene expression (Martin and Johnston, 2005; Palstra et al, 2010b) in fish species. There have been several recent studies on warm-water teleosts, such as qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis) (Li et al, 2013a), rock carp (Procypris rabaudi) (Li et al, 2013b), common carp (Cyprinus carpio) (He et al, 2013), darkbarbel catfish (Peltebagrus vachelli) (Liu et al, 2009; Li et al, 2010a) and southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis) (Li et al, 2010b, 2016), increasing the knowledge of these species after exercise training
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