Sustainable Stabilization of Brown and Green Clays Using Industrial By-products

Abstract

Background The disposal of industrial by-products and the rising cost of construction materials are critical issues globally, particularly in developing nations such as Jordan. Brown and green clay are considered problematic types of soft clay, as they fail to meet the necessary specifications for use in construction. Objective This study aims to assess the efficiency of Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) and Silica Fume (S.F.) as stabilizing agents for brown and green clays. The research explores how CKD and S.F. can be used as cost-efficient and eco-friendly alternatives to enhance the mechanical properties of soft clays, improving their viability for construction. Methods An experimental approach was used to investigate the impact of CKD and S.F. on brown and green clay stabilization. The study examines the effect of varying CKD and S.F. concentrations on the clays' plasticity, compaction, unconfined compressive strength, and consolidation properties. CKD was tested at four different levels (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%), as was S.F. (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%). Results The findings revealed a notable enhancement in the engineering properties and behavior of both brown and green clay, with reductions observed in the plasticity index (P.I.), compression index (Cc), compressive strength (qc), and maximum dry density (γd). Conclusion Adding 15% CKD to brown clay resulted in the most significant improvements after a curing period of 7 days based on the unconfined compressive strength test results.