Abstract
Nutraceutical industrial fenugreek seed spent (NIFGS), a relatively low-cost material abundantly available with little toxicity is used in crystal violet (CV) dye remediation from aqueous media and reported in the present study. To access the adsorption capacity, the factors affecting it are kinetics and the equilibrium thermodynamics. All the experiments were designed at approximately pH 7. The adsorption isotherm model proposed by Langmuir fits better than the Freundlich isotherm model. Kinetic studies data confirm the pseudo-second order model. It is evident from thermodynamic parameter values that the process of adsorption is endothermic, physical and dynamic. The process optimization of independent variables that influence adsorption was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM) through bi-level fractional factorial experimental design (FEED). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was implemented to investigate the combined effect of parameters influencing adsorption. The possibilities of using dye-adsorbed NIFGS (“sludge”) for the fabrication of the composites using plastic waste are suggested.
Highlights
The Indian clothing and textile sector ranks second in the world
We reported the use of Nutraceutical industrial fenugreek seed spent (NIFGS) as an adsorbent in the extraction of blue acid 113, a bisazo acidic dye from water and TIE [28]
The fit of the second-order polynomial equation suggests A, C, D, AC and CE have maximum effects with the regression coefficient value of 0.978, which revealed the interaction of parameters studied and predicted adsorption capacity of 184 mg g−1 with the following optimum values based on a multiple regression analysis and the FFED model: pH 2, NIFGS dosage of 0.03 g L−1, 204 mg L−1 as initial dye concentration and 165 min as adsorption time
Summary
The Indian clothing and textile sector ranks second in the world. This sector has two divisions, manufacturing and agricultural related activities. The dyes designed for textile industries are environmentally stable which poses the additional challenge of removing the toxic compounds from TIE using conventional technologies. The pore structure, cost, abundant availability and ready-to-use adsorbent are the qualities required for enhancement of efficiency of the removal of toxic dyes from TIE. Utilization of NIS as an adsorbent to amputate the toxic substances from TIE ecologically alleviates waste disposal problems and addresses the needs and demands of sustainability [23,24,25]. This study endeavours to explore the use of nutraceutical industrial fenugreek seed spent adsorbent for bioremediation of CV. This poisonous dye used in textile industries is discharged as a pollutant. The dye concentration is measured using an UV-vis spectrometer (Perkin-Elmer Lambda EZ-201, USA)
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