Abstract

BackgroundIn China, a rapid expansion of Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) outbreaks has occurred since 2004 and HFMD has become an important issue for China. However, people are still only concerned with human enterovirus 71(HEV-71) and coxsackie virus A16 (CV-A16). Much of what is known about the other enterovirus infections relies on fractional evidence and old epidemic data, with little knowledge concerning their distribution. To alert potential threatens of the other enteroviruses, our study genetically characterized specimens from different regions of China and yielded novel information concerning the circulating and phylogenetic characteristics of enteroviral strains from HFMD cases.FindingsA total of 301 clinical throat swabs were randomly obtained from patients suffering from HFMD from the southern, northern and central regions of China during outbreaks in 2009. 266 of 301 (88.4%) HFMD cases were found positive for HEV and seven genotypes, HEV-71, CV-A16, -B5, -A4, -A6, -A10, and -A12, were detected.ConclusionsThe HFMD pathogen compositions in the different regions of China were significantly different. HFMD epidemics might persist for a long time in China due to the multiple pathogen compositions, the enteroviral characteristic of recombination and co-infection, the ever-increasing travel and migration and the deficiency of effective vaccine. Our study deserves the attention on HFMD control and vaccine development.

Highlights

  • In China, a rapid expansion of Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) outbreaks has occurred since 2004 and HFMD has become an important issue for China

  • HFMD epidemics might persist for a long time in China due to the multiple pathogen compositions, the enteroviral characteristic of recombination and co-infection, the ever-increasing travel and migration and the deficiency of effective vaccine

  • HFMD is caused by a few serotypes of enteroviruses, most frequently coxsackie virus A16 (CV-A16) and human enterovirus 71 (HEV-71), and the severe forms were often associated with HEV71

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Summary

Introduction

In China, a rapid expansion of Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) outbreaks has occurred since 2004 and HFMD has become an important issue for China. People are still only concerned with human enterovirus 71(HEV-71) and coxsackie virus A16 (CV-A16). To alert potential threatens of the other enteroviruses, our study genetically characterized specimens from different regions of China and yielded novel information concerning the circulating and phylogenetic characteristics of enteroviral strains from HFMD cases. Foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common childhood illness characterized by fever and vesicular eruptions on the hands, feet and mouth. HFMD is caused by a few serotypes of enteroviruses, most frequently coxsackie virus A16 (CV-A16) and human enterovirus 71 (HEV-71), and the severe forms were often associated with HEV71. Other enteroviruses (CVA2, -A4, -A5, -A6, -A8, -A9,-A10, -A16,-B3 and -B5), may be associated with HFMD outbreaks, sporadic cases or asymptomatic infections [1,2,3].

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