Abstract
The presence of metals in industrial effluents has become a major environmental problem since these residues are often disposed of in lakes or rivers. Aiming to recover contaminated areas the remediation by washing using biosurfactants appears as an alternative technique that features low toxicity to the environment. This paper aims to evaluate the efficiency in iron removal within a synthetic effluent, utilizing a biosurfactant. This was produced in a bioreactor (37°C, 200 rpm, 0.5 vvm) derived from a papaya peel aqueous extract and the Bacillus subtilis UFPEDA strain 86. The fermentation tests revealed that this Bacillus is a great producer for the biosurfactant. The tests also displayed that the papaya peel extract is a viable substrate for the production of biosurfactant by this strain. Among the results found, in 24 hours of cultivation, the highest concentration of biomass and product was obtained, of 2.17 ± 0.04 g.L-1 and 2.88 ± 0.01 g.L-1, respectively. The biosurfactant provided a Critical Micellar Concentration (CMC) of 20 mg.L-1. The batch method was used in the obtainment of removal data, in which a series of solutions at different concentrations of iron ions were exposed to different amounts of biosurfactant, both raw and purified, at a temperature of 25 °C, under agitation (200 rpm) and pH ~ 6.3. A multivariate experimental design was carried out in the presence of crude and purified biosurfactant. The results demonstrated significant interactions involved for the following independent variables: concentration of iron ions, concentration of biosurfactant and the treatment time. The iron removal percentages varied between 47.2% and 95.82% in the presence of the raw biosurfactant, and between 37.01% to 91.94% in the presence of the purified surfactant. The Langmuir adsorption model was the better adjusted, providing a maximum adsorption capacity at approximately 10 mg.g-1.
Highlights
Over the past decade, the contamination of water bodies by heavy metals has become a serious environmental concern the inappropriate, effluent disposals contaminated with metal ions, even in small amounts, can cause serious harm to both individuals and the ecosystem (Batista et al 2020)
This paper aims to evaluate the efficiency in iron removal within a synthetic effluent, utilizing a biosurfactant
The results demonstrated significant interactions involved for the following independent variables: concentration of iron ions, concentration of biosurfactant and the treatment time
Summary
The contamination of water bodies by heavy metals has become a serious environmental concern the inappropriate, effluent disposals contaminated with metal ions, even in small amounts, can cause serious harm to both individuals and the ecosystem (Batista et al 2020). The treatment of wastewater involves the use of traditional methods, which include chemical precipitation and filtration, electrochemical treatment, oxidation or reduction, ionic exchange, and evaporation These technologies present many disadvantages, such as the high costs, generation of pollutants and, above all, they are inefficient at removing heavy metal ions at low concentrations (Yildiz et al, 2017). They observed that bioremediation involved two stages: the reduction of Cr (VI) to Cr (III) This is less toxic, as extracellular metabolites were synthesized by the strain and interactions were involved between the biosurfactant and the metal. Luna et al (2016) studied the performance of an anionic biosurfactant, which originated from the Candida sphaerica strain This included its heavy metal removal from soil collected at an automotive battery industry, in which removal rates of 95.90 and 79% for Fe were obtained, Zn and Pb, Research, Society and Development, v. A multivariate experimental planning was employed, where the following variables were used: metal concentration, biosurfactant concentration and reaction time
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