Abstract
Abstract Laser Raman and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), together with microactivity testing, x-ray diffraction (XRD) and BET surface area measurements have been used to elucidate the interaction of vanadium with typical constituents of a fluid cracking catalyst. Cracking components like HY or CREY (calcined rare-earth exchanged zeolite Y) are thermally stable in air at 760°C/5h even when loaded with 3–4% V. In the presence of steam, stability is greatly reduced. With less than 1% V, HY collapses with formation of mullite (Al6Si2O13) and silica (tridymite) whereas CREY collapses with formation of cerium orthovanade (CeVO4). The presence of lanthanide ions in the zeolite reduces V-tolerance at hydrothermal conditions. Mullite formation was also observed on V-loaded gels. On steam-aged Kaolin, aluminosilicate gels and HY, vanadium is present mainly as bulk V2O5.
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