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Abstract
Fabricating method may affect the surface properties and biological characteristics of provisional restorations. This study aimed to evaluate the surface roughness, plaque accumulation, and cytotoxicity of provisional restorative materials fabricated by the conventional, digital subtractive and additive methods. Sixty-six bar-shaped specimens (2×4×10 mm) were fabricated by using provisional restorative materials through the conventional, digital subtractive and additive methods (n = 22 per group). Ten specimens of each group were used for surface roughness and plaque accumulation tests, 10 specimens for cytotoxicity assay, and 2 specimens of each group were used for qualitative assessment by scanning electron microscopy. The Ra (roughness average) and Rz (roughness height) values (μm) were measured via profilometer, and visual inspection was performed through scanning electron microscopy. Plaque accumulation of Streptococcus mutans and cytotoxicity on human gingival fibroblast-like cells were evaluated. The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (α = 0.05). Surface roughness, biofilm accumulation and cytotoxicity were significantly different among the groups (P<0.05). Surface roughness was significantly higher in the conventional group (P<0.05); however, the two other groups were not significantly different (P>0.05). Significantly higher bacterial attachment was observed in the additive group than the subtractive (P<0.001) and conventional group (P = 0.025); while, the conventional and subtractive groups were statistically similar (P = 0.111). Regarding the cytotoxicity, the additive group had significantly higher cell viability than the subtractive group (P = 0.006); yet, the conventional group was not significantly different from the additive (P = 0.354) and subtractive group (P = 0.101). Surface roughness was the highest in conventionally cured group; but, the additive group had the most plaque accumulation and lowest cytotoxicity.
Highlights
Provisional restorations are the inseparable part of fixed prosthodontics and dental implant treatments
Ten specimens of each group were used for testing the surface roughness and plaque accumulation, 10 specimens were used for cytotoxicity assay, and 2 specimens of each group were used for qualitative evaluation by scanning electron microscopy
Bar-shaped specimens were preferred to the diskshaped ones to reduce the waste material in digital subtractive method and because it suited all tests in the present study
Summary
Provisional restorations are the inseparable part of fixed prosthodontics and dental implant treatments. They protect the pulpal tissue against thermal, mechanical, physical and bacterial contaminations [1, 2]. Some common disadvantages are associated with the conventional method such as polymerization shrinkage, thermal damage of the pulp cells, porous surface, lack of marginal adaptation, water absorption, and color instability [2]. It highly relies on the technician’s skills, and those with several abutments are much time-consuming and difficult to be made through the conventional method [5, 6]
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