Abstract
Abstract. The water and energy transfers at the interface between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere should be correctly simulated in numerical weather and climate models. This implies the need for a realistic and accurate representation of land cover (LC), including appropriate parameters for each vegetation type. In some cases, the lack of information and crude representation of the surface lead to errors in the simulation of soil and atmospheric variables. This work investigates the ability of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to simulate surface heat fluxes in a heterogeneous area of southern France using several possibilities for the surface representation. In the control experiments, we used the default LC database in WRF, which differed significantly from the actual LC. In addition, sub-grid variability was not taken into account since the model uses, by default, only the surface information from the dominant LC category in each pixel (dominant approach). To improve this surface simplification, we designed three new interconnected numerical experiments with three widely used land surface models (LSMs) in WRF. The first one consisted of using a more realistic and higher-resolution LC dataset over the area of analysis. The second experiment aimed at investigating the effect of using a mosaic approach; 30 m sub-grid surface information was used to calculate the final grid fluxes based on weighted averages from values obtained for each LC category. Finally, in the third experiment, we increased the model stomatal conductance for conifer forests due to the large flux errors associated with this vegetation type in some LSMs. The simulations were evaluated with gridded area-averaged fluxes calculated from five tower measurements obtained during the Boundary-Layer Late Afternoon and Sunset Turbulence (BLLAST) field campaign. The results from the experiments differed depending on the LSM and displayed a high dependency of the simulated fluxes on the specific LC definition within the grid cell, an effect that was enhanced with the dominant approach. The simulation of the fluxes improved using the more realistic LC dataset except for the LSMs that included extreme surface parameters for coniferous forest. The mosaic approach produced fluxes more similar to reality and served to particularly improve the latent heat flux simulation of each grid cell. Therefore, our findings stress the need to include an accurate surface representation in the model, including soil and vegetation sub-grid information with updated surface parameters for some vegetation types, as well as seasonal and man-made changes. This will improve the modelled heat fluxes and ultimately yield more realistic atmospheric processes in the model.
Highlights
The Earth’s surface is constantly changing at different timescales (Sellers et al, 1995)
The results showed a high dependence of the flux on the specific land cover (LC) categories, which motivated a second experiment including the sub-grid information on the surface, the so-called mosaic approach (e.g. Li et al, 2013)
In this experiment we used the default configuration for the surface representation in Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF), i.e. the LC dataset from IGBP-MODIS (21 categories) and a dominant approach for the sub-grid heterogeneity, which means that the fluxes were calculated taking into account only the surface parameters of the dominant LC category, i.e. assuming that no sub-grid variability exists even when this information is available
Summary
The Earth’s surface is constantly changing at different timescales (Sellers et al, 1995). These equations need accurate parameters that describe the properties of the soil and the vegetation (Cuntz et al, 2016) Both types of improvements need observational measurements from experimental sites and field campaigns to learn about surface properties and physical processes, as well as to evaluate models. These studies stated the importance of having an accurate surface representation in the models to obtain improved simulations of different variables In this sense, the present work was firstly motivated by the inaccurate representation of the LC provided by the default LC dataset (International Geosphere–Biosphere Programme from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, IGBP-MODIS) in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model over the area of analysis (southern France), which differed significantly from the LC observed in the area.
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