Surface-optimized free flaps for complex facial defects after skin cancer

Abstract

Advanced non-melanocytic skin cancer (NMSC) in the facial region causes extensive tissue loss, possibly coverable by local flaps. Remote free flaps are the reconstructive method of choice, despite disadvantages such as color and texture mismatch, and bulkiness with regard to facial skin. Post-ablative facial NMSC defects in four patients were reconstructed using remote free flaps, including radial forearm, scapular, parascapular, and anterolateral thigh flaps. Four months later, a split-thickness skin graft (STSG) was acquired from the retroauricular region to generate a non-cultured autologous epidermal cell (NCAEC) suspension. The flap surfaces were de-epithelialized, and the NCAEC suspension was sprayed onto the flap surface to improve the mismatch between facial and flap color. Debulking was also carried out. The aesthetic outcome was examined by photography and clinical examination 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after the first operation. All flaps survived the 11- to 21-month follow-up. The secondary operation was accompanied by a delay in re-epithelialization in one case. No STSG donor-site problems occurred. Follow-up photographs showed significant improvements in the color and texture of the flaps. Facial reconstruction with a free flap results in a mismatch of color and texture. Secondary correction of the flap surface by de-epithelialization and NCAEC application significantly improves the aesthetic outcome.