Abstract
Recent advances in surface metrology science are applied to understanding friction with snow and ice. Conventional surface metrology’s measurement, analyses, and characterizations, have inherent limitations for elucidating tribological interactions. Strong functional correlations and confident discriminations with slider surface topographies, textures, or “roughness”, have largely eluded researchers using conventional methods. Building on 4 decades of research using multiscale geometric methods, two surface metrology axioms and corollaries are proposed with good potential to provide new technological insights.
Highlights
This paper shows, based on recent advances in surface metrology, how to select topographic measurements, analysis, and characterizations to find strong correlations with friction and with preparation variables
Selection of experimental methods and parameters for surface metrology of ski bases should be based on knowledge of and hypotheses relating to fundamental, microscopic topographic interactions contributing to phenomena that produce tribological macroscopic behavior
These principles emerged from commonalities observed in surface metrology research applied to diverse kinds of processing and performance
Summary
This paper shows, based on recent advances in surface metrology, how to select topographic measurements, analysis, and characterizations to find strong correlations with friction and with preparation variables. It explains how multiscale topographic analyses and characterizations with clear physical interpretations (Brown, 2018) can be used in research to understand how ski base topographies, aka, structure, textures, or “roughness” influence performance, and how processing influences topographies This is applicable, to all kinds of friction and motion over snow and ice, not just for snow-sports and skating. Scientific principles for surface metrology can elucidate productive selections of experimental methods and parameters, which can improve probabilities of finding relations between ski base preparations and tribological behavior through topographies. Ski and snow surfaces can have complex microgeometries, i.e., topographies, that are challenging to characterize and analyze adequately for understanding their influence on friction, lubrication, and wear of ski-snow interfaces Classical characterizations, such as average heights like Ra and Sa have not provided many quantitative evaluations that predict performance (Rohm et al, 2016). Surface metrology can create value by elucidating relations that support rigorous, evidence-based product and process design for movement over and handling of snow and ice, including, ski bases, snowboards, skate blades, snow groomers, snow plows, snow blowers, and snow making
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