Abstract
Bone tissue defects resulting from periodontal disease are often treated using guided tissue regeneration (GTR). The barrier membranes utilized here should prevent soft tissue infiltration into the bony defect and simultaneously support bone regeneration. In this study, we designed a degradable poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) membrane that was surface-modified with cell adhesive arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motifs. For a novel method of membrane manufacture, the RGD motifs were coupled with the non-ionic amphiphilic polymer poly(2-oxazoline) (POx). The RGD-containing membranes were then prepared by solvent casting of PLGA, POx coupled with RGD (POx_RGD), and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) solution in methylene chloride (DCM), followed by DCM evaporation and PEG leaching. Successful coupling of RGD to POx was confirmed spectroscopically by Raman, Fourier transform infrared in attenuated reflection mode (FTIR-ATR), and X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopy, while successful immobilization of POx_RGD on the membrane surface was confirmed by XPS and FTIR-ATR. The resulting membranes had an asymmetric microstructure, as shown by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), where the glass-cured surface was more porous and had a higher surface area then the air-cured surface. The higher porosity should support bone tissue regeneration, while the air-cured side is more suited to preventing soft tissue infiltration. The behavior of osteoblast-like cells on PLGA membranes modified with POx_RGD was compared to cell behavior on PLGA foil, non-modified PLGA membranes, or PLGA membranes modified only with POx. For this, MG-63 cells were cultured for 4, 24, and 96 h on the membranes and analyzed by metabolic activity tests, live/dead staining, and fluorescent staining of actin fibers. The results showed bone cell adhesion, proliferation, and viability to be the highest on membranes modified with POx_RGD, making them possible candidates for GTR applications in periodontology and in bone tissue engineering.
Highlights
Periodontal disease (PD) is a common chronic inflammatory oral disorder caused by periodontal pathogens present in the oral cavity
We developed a method for the manufacture of PLGA membranes with graded porosity through phase separation in a PLGA–poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)–dichloromethane (DCM) system, followed by the evaporation of DCM and leaching of PEG [12,13]
The aim of this study was to confirm that the modification of the PLGA membrane with POx coupled with RGD system and immobilization of (RGD) (POx_RGD) was successful and improved bone cell adhesion, viability, and proliferation, which are of key importance in guided tissue regeneration (GTR) in periodontology and bone tissue engineering
Summary
Periodontal disease (PD) is a common chronic inflammatory oral disorder caused by periodontal pathogens present in the oral cavity. The clinical pathological characteristic of PD is the progressive and irreversible destruction of soft and hard periodontal tissues. PD is the main cause of tooth loss in adults and other diseases that endanger human oral and overall health [1]. PD treatment aims to control inflammation and prevent the further development of periodontal pathology, while to restoring the structure and function of lost periodontal tissue. Periodontal tissue regeneration is a long-standing and difficult challenge. Conservative treatment can inhibit PD’s progression; it does not restore the tooth support from bone or connective tissue
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