Abstract
Bud extracts are a new category of vegetal products, which are used in gemmotherapy. These products are liquid preparation sources of bioactive molecules (phytochemicals) and are used in medicine as health-promoting agents. Rosa canina is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Rosaceae. The R. canina bud extracts, in particular, possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities due to the presence of flavonoids and other phenolic compounds. The combination of R. canina bud extracts with biomaterials can be promising for obtaining multifunctional materials carrying both inorganic and biological properties. In this work, a protocol of functionalization has been properly designed, for the first time in the literature, in order to graft various bud extracts of R. canina to a silica-based bioactive glass (CEL2). The Folin–Ciocalteu method was used to determine the redox capacity of total polyphenols in the extracts and on functionalized solid samples. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis and fluorescence microscopy were employed to investigate the presence of phenol substances on the material surface. Bioactivity (in terms of ability of inducing hydroxyapatite precipitation) has been investigated by soaking the samples, with or without functionalization, in simulated body fluid. The presence of the polyphenols from bud extracts not only preserved glass bioactivity but even enhanced it. In particular, the solution obtained from the byproducts of primary extraction in glycerol macerate showed the best performances. Moreover, the presence and antioxidant activity of bud extract compounds on the material surface after grafting demonstrate the possibility of combining the glass inorganic bioactivity with the biomolecule-specific properties, making possible a local action at the implant site. The promising results reported in this work pave the way for the realization of new multifunctional materials with a green approach.
Highlights
In the last few years, the use of herbal medicinal products increased strongly due to their potential health benefits and low toxicity
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 80% of the world population are using products based on medicinal herbs, especially in developing countries.[1,2]
One type of phytoderivate product is bud extracts, obtained exclusively from fresh buds, sprouts, young leaves, and other meristematic tissues, which are macerated in a mixture of water, ethanol, and glycerol, the result consisting of concentrated solutions of bioactive phytoingredients
Summary
In the last few years, the use of herbal medicinal products increased strongly due to their potential health benefits and low toxicity. Gemmo-derivatives contain beneficial substances that can no longer be found in the adult plant, such as gibberellin, auxin, or cytokines.[3−5] The use of buds makes it possible to obtain a more active medication than remedies prepared from the whole plant. Almost all of the studies available in the literature have focused on evaluating rose hip and seed extracts, while to date, scientific papers on the bud extracts have been minimal or are completely[7−12] Several compounds from rose hip extracts have been reported to display in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.[7−9] Orodan et al reported that the proanthocyanidins and flavonoids contained in R. canina fruits possess radical scavenging properties. The rose hip extract activities were higher than other reference antioxidants (such as 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (mesna) and N-acetylcysteine) against HClO and H2O2.10 Chrubasik et al reported a beneficial effect of rose hip powder in the treatment
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