Abstract
Vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers are semiconductor microcavity lasers created by epitaxial growth and surface processing technologies which exploit new 3-dimensional architectures. The physical properties of these microcavities are intimately related to the geometry imposed on the semiconductor materials. The surface-emitting geometry is ideal for fabricating 2-dimensional laser structures by optical and electron beam lithography. These structures include large area, phase-locked arrays with shaped beams for higher power applications and 2-dimensional nanostructures such as photonic lattices for controlling microscopic optical properties. This paper reviews the basic physics of epitaxial surface-emitting laser cavities and recent technical advances in the microfabrication of 2-dimensional surface-emitting laser arrays and photonic lattices.
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