Surface Cladding of Mild Steel Coated with Ni Containing TiO2 Nanoparticles Using a High-Temperature Arc from TIG Welding

Abstract

This study explores the use of a high-temperature arc generated during tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding to enhance the mechanical properties of the surface of AISI 1020 steel. An innovative two-step process involves using the high-temperature arc as an energy source to fuse a previously electrodeposited Ni/TiO2 coating to the surface of the substrate. The cladded surface is characterised by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), an optical microscope (O.M.) equipped with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Vicker’s microhardness testing, and pin-on-plate wear testing. The treated surface exhibits a unique amalgamation of hardening mechanisms, including nanoparticle dispersion strengthening, grain size reduction, and solid solution strengthening. The thickness of the electrodeposited layer appears to strongly influence the hardness variation across the width of the treated layer. The hardness of the treated layer when the Ni coating contains 30 nm TiO2 particles was found to be 451 VHN, validating an impressive 2.7-fold increase in material hardness compared to the untreated substrate (165 VHN). Similarly, the treated surface exhibits a twofold improvement in wear resistance (9.0 × 102 µm3/s), making it substantially more durable in abrasive environments than the untreated surface. Microstructural and EDS analysis reveal a significant reduction in grain size and the presence of high concentrations of Ni and TiO2 within the treated region, providing clear evidence for the activation of several strengthening mechanisms.