Abstract
CONCERN over the influence of industrial and domestic effluents on the coastal waters of Liverpool Bay has led over the last decade to a number of physical, chemical and biological surveys1–7. Despite this intensive effort there is little that can at present be stated with confidence about the form and variability of the circulation (A. J. Bowen, T. R. S. Wilson and M. J. Howarth in ref. 1, vol. 3, pages 45–55). Conclusions derived from direct observations of residual currents (refs 2 and 3 and J. W. Ramster in ref. 1, vol. 2, pages 56–64) and indirect inferences from plankton4 and chemical distributions5–7 have combined to produce strong evidence in favour of either a clockwise2,4 or anticlockwise (refs 3, 5–7 and J. W. Ramster in ref. 1, vol. 2, pages 56–64) surface residual circulation.
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