Abstract
• Sandblasted rough zirconia (ZrO 2 ) surfaces are immobilized with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) using natural crosslinker genipin. • Adhesion, mineralization, and osteogenic marker osteopontin expression of bone cells are enhanced on BMP-2-immobilized surfaces. • Prolonged activation of focal adhesion factor and p38/MAPK pathway enhances bone cells responses to low concentration BMP-2-immobilized surfaces. • Simple but effective process to immobilize BMP-2 on rough zirconia surfaces can benefit future dental implant applications. Zirconia (ZrO 2 ) is widely used in the dental implant industry, due to its good mechanical properties and biocompatibility. However, the bioinert nature of ZrO 2 may hinder osseointegration. This study investigated the responses of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) to sandblasted ZrO 2 surfaces immobilized with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) using the natural crosslinker genipin. The immobilization of BMP on sandblasted ZrO 2 surfaces increased the surface roughness but did not alter the wettability. The focal adhesion activation and later-stage mineralization of hMSCs were higher on BMP-2-modified ZrO 2 surfaces than on untreated surfaces. The BMP-2-modified ZrO 2 surfaces with low (100 ng/mL) and high (500 ng/mL) concentrations showed no significant difference in later-stage osteogenic response. However, ZrO 2 surfaces with low BMP-2 concentration earlier stimulated the p38 (mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway) protein expression, osteogenic early marker osteopontin expression, and later-stage mineralization. This simple but effective process to immobilize BMP-2 on rough ZrO 2 surfaces can benefit future dental implant applications.
Published Version
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