Abstract
Welchner and Roush <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> used the term “surface attack” to describe supposed grain-boundary oxide deposits which they observed at and immediately beneath the surface of case-carburized steel parts. Hultgren and Hägglund <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> proposed that grain-boundary oxides could form during carburizing, provided certain alloying elements (such as chromium) having a greater affinity than iron for oxygen were present. The formation of iron or alloy nitrides <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> and the formation of certain hydrogen compounds <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> have been held responsible for the appearance of surface attack during gas carbonitriding.
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