Abstract
Nitrogen-containing heterocycles are important scaffolds for a large number of compounds with biological, pharmaceutical, industrial and optoelectronic applications. A wide range of different methodologies for the preparation of N-heterocycles are based on metal-catalyzed cyclization of suitable substrates. Due to the growing interest in Green Chemistry criteria over the past two decades, the use of supported metal catalysts in the preparation of N-heterocycles has become a central topic in Organic Chemistry. Here we will give a critical overview of all the solid supported metal catalysts applied in the synthesis of N-heterocycles, following a systematic approach as a function of the type of support: (i) metal catalysts supported on inorganic matrices; (ii) metal catalysts supported on organic matrices; (iii) metal catalysts supported on hybrid inorganic-organic matrices. In particular, we will try to emphasize the effective heterogeneity and recyclability of the described metal catalysts, specifying which studies were carried out in order to evaluate these aspects.
Highlights
Nitrogen-containing heterocycles represent important scaffolds for a large number of natural products [1,2], biologically active compounds with pharmaceutical interest [3,4], materials for chemical industry [5] and organic optoelectronics [6,7,8]
We will give a critical overview of all the solid supported metal catalysts applied in the synthesis of N-heterocycles, following a systematic approach as a function of the type of support: (i) metal catalysts supported on inorganic matrices; (ii) metal catalysts supported on organic matrices; (iii) metal catalysts supported on hybrid inorganic-organic matrices
It is not surprising that over the past 20 years, metal catalysts supported on several inorganic matrices have been widely used for the synthesis of N-heterocycles: in addition to the most common charcoal, silica and metal oxides, there are examples of metal catalysts supported on minerals and, more recently, on magnetic core/inorganic shell composites
Summary
Nitrogen-containing heterocycles represent important scaffolds for a large number of natural products [1,2], biologically active compounds with pharmaceutical interest [3,4], materials for chemical industry (e.g., pigments in paints, varnishes and plastics) [5] and organic optoelectronics (e.g., polymeric active layers for electroluminescent devices or organic photovoltaic cells) [6,7,8]. It is not surprising that over the past 20 years, metal catalysts supported on several inorganic matrices have been widely used for the synthesis of N-heterocycles: in addition to the most common charcoal (and related carbon materials), silica (including its mesostructured derivatives) and metal oxides, there are examples of metal catalysts supported on minerals and, more recently, on magnetic core/inorganic shell composites. In this first section of the paper, we will organize literature following this above-mentioned order
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