Supplementation of lactic acid bacteria has positive effects on the mucosal health of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed soybean meal

Abstract

We investigated the ability of lactic acid bacteria, when added individually or in combination in feeds, to prevent soybean meal-induced enteritis in Atlantic salmon. A control diet, designed to induce enteritis, was formulated with marine ingredients and 20% soybean meal. Three more diets were produced by coating the control diet with two bacteria, either singly (Lactobacillus plantarum; L. fermentum) or in combination. The fish were fed the abovementioned diets for 38 days. We performed histological assessments and evaluated the expression of selected mucin and antimicrobial peptide genes in the dorsal skin, gills, and distal intestine. Digesta were also collected to study the short chain fatty acids. Feeding bacteria, individually or in combination, altered the short chain fatty acids−acetoacetic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid, propionic acid−and the total fatty acids in the digesta significantly. Of all the determined short chain fatty acids, the concentration of acetoacetic acid was the highest, and the fish fed the combination of the two bacteria had the significantly highest value. Succinic acid was also significantly higher in fish fed the combination compared to the control group and the L. fermentum group. Total fatty acids were significantly higher in fish fed the combination than those fed L. fermentum. Compared to the control and probiotic combination-fed fish, those fed L. plantarum had higher defensin1 expression in the skin. We also observed significantly higher number of gill mucous cells in the fish fed the blend compared to the control group. Lamina propria width was significantly reduced in fish fed the blend. Supra nuclear vacuoles were higher in fish fed the single species or the blend, compared to the control group. Thus, adding the probiotics to a soybean meal diet can elevate the digesta short chain fatty acids and intestine supranuclear vacuoles, and reduce the lamina propria width, which probably indicate prevention of enteritis.