Abstract
Abstract The direct detection of the spatial distribution of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) as a tracer for Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) enables threedimensional functional images with high spatial and temporal resolution. The commercially available tracers have not been developed primarily for MPI. Therefore, they do not sufficiently contribute to the desired image quality. Hence, optimizing the SPIONs during the production process is of interest. A peculiarity of the here presented synthesis method - the alkaline coprecipitation - is that this process takes place under ultrasonic control. The use of ultrasound creates extraordinary reaction conditions through sonochemical phenomena, such as formation, growth and implosive collapse of cavitation bubbles within a liquid. In addition, the ultrasonic waves and the oscillation of the medium improve the mixing process and thus ensure the homogenization during the synthesis. The objective of this study is the variation of ultrasonic frequencies and the type of used dextran as coating material, to provide SPIONs with better performance for MPI and more suitable properties for in vivo application. The focus of the optimization is to increase the magnetite core size while simultaneously reducing the hydrodynamic size. The experiments have shown that both, the ultrasound frequency and the molecular weight of used dextran, influence the properties of the SPIONs.
Highlights
The direct detection of the spatial distribution of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) as a tracer for Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) enables threedimensional functional images with high spatial and temporal resolution
The SPIONs described in this contribution consist of a nonmagnetic dextran shell and a magnetite (Fe3O4) core
Alkaline coprecipitation is used as a representative of a bottom-up method for the production of the SPIONs because it offers the following advantages: a cost-effective synthesis with high yields, a high chemical reaction rate, a relatively low synthesis temperature and the coated SPIONs in suspension without the need for a special equipment
Summary
The direct detection of the spatial distribution of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) as a tracer for Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) enables threedimensional functional images with high spatial and temporal resolution. The commercially available tracers have not been developed primarily for MPI. They do not sufficiently contribute to the desired image quality. The objective of this study is the variation of ultrasonic frequencies and the type of used dextran as coating material, to provide SPIONs with better performance for MPI and more suitable properties for in vivo application. The experiments have shown that both, the ultrasound frequency and the molecular weight of used dextran, influence the properties of the SPIONs. The SPIONs described in this contribution consist of a nonmagnetic dextran (see Figure 1) shell and a magnetite (Fe3O4) core. The thickness of the spherical particle shell which contributes to the hydrodynamic diameter has, in addition to the prevention of agglomeration, a particular relevance for suitable biomedical applications.
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