Abstract
X-ray radiation is a harmful carcinogenic electromagnetic source that can adversely affect the health of living species and deteriorate the DNA of cells, thus it’s vital to protect vulnerable sources from them. To address this flaw, the conductive polymeric structure of polyaniline (PANi) was reinforced with diverse filler loadings (i.e., 25 wt % and 50 wt %) of hybrid graphene oxide-iron tungsten nitride (ITN) flakes toward attenuation of X-ray beams and inhabitation of microorganisms’ growth. Primary characterizations confirmed the successful decoration of graphene oxide (GO) with interconnected and highly dense structure of iron tungsten nitride with a density of about 24.21 g·cm−3 and reinforcement of PANi with GO-ITN. Additionally, the outcome of evaluations showed the superior performance of developed shields, where a shield with 1.2 mm thickness containing 50 wt % GO-ITN showed 131.73% increase in the electrical conductivity (compared with neat PANi) along with 78.07%, 57.12%, and 44.99% decrease in the amplitude of the total irradiated X-ray waves at 30, 40, and 60 kVp tube voltages, respectively, compared with control X-ray dosage. More importantly, the developed shields not only showed non-toxic nature and improved the viability of cells, but also completely removed the selected microorganisms at a concentration of 1000 µg·mL−1.
Highlights
Development of nuclear-based technologies and usage of X-ray waves as an ionized radiation source for diverse applications—e.g., radiation therapy, medical applications, imaging, space technology, and agricultural applications—have improved the interaction of living species with these kinds of Polymers 2020, 12, 1407; doi:10.3390/polym12061407 www.mdpi.com/journal/polymersPolymers 2020, 12, 1407 harmful electromagnetic sources [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
Pb is known as a neurotoxicant element that can deteriorate and disturb the proper function of the brain [19]. To address these flaws and obstacles, first, we developed hybrid 2D flakes consisting of decorated graphene oxide (GO) with interconnected iron tungsten nitride (GO-ITN) patterns
The outcome of performed evaluations showed that the developed GO nanoflakes were synthesized in good order and high quality
Summary
Development of nuclear-based technologies and usage of X-ray waves as an ionized radiation source for diverse applications—e.g., radiation therapy, medical applications, imaging, space technology, and agricultural applications—have improved the interaction of living species with these kinds of Polymers 2020, 12, 1407; doi:10.3390/polym12061407 www.mdpi.com/journal/polymersPolymers 2020, 12, 1407 harmful electromagnetic sources [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. Many attempts were taken to develop practical shields to protect people and vulnerable sources from ionizing radiation In this case, polymeric-based composites reinforced with high-density additives such as lead and tungsten found to be ideal candidates [13,14,15]. Achieved results showed that the particle size has a significant effect on the X-ray attenuation rate at tube voltage under 35 kVp, while at tube voltage more than 40 kVp up to 120 kVp, the effect of particle size is negligible In another attempt, Hashemi et al [15] used the graphene oxide (GO) as a carrier for loading lead oxide particles toward development of a 2D planar X-ray shield, where the developed flakes were used to fabricate epoxy-based composites at diverse filler loadings (i.e., 5 and 10 wt %) and thicknesses (i.e., 4 and 6 mm).
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