Superior and effective adsorption of amoxicillin by using novel metal organic framework and its composite: Thermodynamic, kinetic, and optimization by Box–Behnken design

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Exploring the potential of silver metal organic frameworks (Ag‐MOF), we modified it with sulfanilamide (Ag‐MOF‐NH2) to create an efficient means for the adsorption of amoxicillin (AMX) from aqueous solutions. We characterized this new material with various imaging and analyzation techniques. Investigations into adsorption were conducted with varying solution pH, contact time, and adsorbent dosages. Moreover, the kinetics and adsorption isotherms were also tested by different models. Results revealed that equilibrium was reached between the antibiotic and the adsorbents within 100 min, with 1.93 and 2.63 mmol·g−1 as the maximum adsorption capacities of Ag‐MOF and Ag‐MOF‐NH2, respectively. The adsorption of AMX onto the adsorbents is closely in line with the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model, intraparticle‐diffusion model, and Langmuir isotherm, suggesting that the surface of the adsorbent is homogeneous and that the highest binding sites are filled first. By utilizing this data, an engaging conclusion can be drawn: the process of adsorption is efficient and effective. Optimizing adsorption results with Box–Behnken design (BBD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) produced impressive outcomes. Additionally, experiments were conducted on non‐buffered AMX solutions at various NaNO3 concentrations to ascertain the influence of the electrolytes' composition. Surprisingly, its capacity to take up the element was affected by different concentrations and has ability to be reused several times by capacity above 80% for up to four cycles. Discovering the intricate mechanisms behind AMX adsorption, such as electrostatic forces, π–π interactions, H‐bonding, and pore filling, proves to be an invaluable asset in reducing its concentration from real water samples. The mighty potential of Ag‐MOF and Ag‐MOF‐NH2 makes them excellent adsorbents with removal efficiencies ranging between 86% and 97% making them ideal for industrial uses and protecting our environment.