Abstract
The physical properties, such as the fibre dimension and crystallinity, of cellulose nanofibre (CNF) are significant to its functional reinforcement ability in composites. This study used supercritical carbon dioxide as a fibre bundle defibrillation pretreatment for the isolation of CNF from bamboo, in order to enhance its physical properties. The isolated CNF was characterised through zeta potential, TEM, XRD, and FT-IR analysis. Commercial CNF was used as a reference to evaluate the effectiveness of the method. The physical, mechanical, thermal, and wettability properties of the bamboo and commercial CNF-reinforced PLA/chitin were also analysed. The TEM and FT-IR results showed the successful isolation of CNF from bamboo using this method, with good colloidal stability shown by the zeta potential results. The properties of the isolated bamboo CNF were similar to the commercial type. However, the fibre diameter distribution and the crystallinity index significantly differed between the bamboo and the commercial CNF. The bamboo CNF had a smaller fibre size and a higher crystallinity index than the commercial CNF. The results from the CNF-reinforced biocomposite showed that the physical, mechanical, thermal, and wettability properties were significantly different due to the variations in their fibre sizes and crystallinity indices. The properties of bamboo CNF biocomposites were significantly better than those of commercial CNF biocomposites. This indicates that the physical properties (fibre size and crystallinity) of an isolated CNF significantly affect its reinforcement ability in biocomposites. The physical properties of isolated CNFs are partly dependent on their source and production method, among other factors. These composites can be used for various industrial applications, including packaging.
Highlights
Polymers are broadly classified as either synthetic or natural [1]
Compared with commercial cellulose nanofibre (CNF), the characterisation results proved that the preparation method and sources affect the fibre size and crystallinity index
The comparative properties of bamboo CNF and commercial CNF showed that the reinforcement ability of CNF is dependent on its source and method of isolation
Summary
Polymers are broadly classified as either synthetic or natural [1]. Natural polymers are often called biodegradable polymers, or biopolymers. The result of the water absorption value showed that the properties depend on the fibre reinforcement’s nature and the quantity of the reinforcement in the PLA [18] This observation is similar to those made in previous studies on the water absorption properties of PLA containing chitin or CNFs [48]. This shows that B-CNFs offer better tensile properties enhancement than C-CNFs in biocomposites, probably due to their high crystallinity (XRD) and lower fibre size (TEM) This factor is directly dependent on the method of preparation of CNFs and their material source. B-CNF composite can be regarded as a better flexural modulus enhancer of biocomposites than C-CNF, probably due to its higher crystallinity (XRD) and lower fibre size (TEM), depending on their method of preparation and source. The propeTrthieeTTsPhhoLefeAtPPhLLewAAparswawcoaatbissctaoaolibbngttreaaadiidnnefeerddPoLmffrArooSm4mi0g4mSS3iiDgagmmAwaaledrAAerill5cdd3hrr,iMiccPhhPa,,asPPi(rataePssniiarsrniPlP-eajaasnnntr--gjejaanRnngggdth,RR)Sddain,, dSgSiai1nnp.g2go4aarpp(eso.opTrreeehc..iefTTicphhreeopprr-oopp-ertieegrrsttriioaeevfssittoohyff)e.ttphThrheeaeppcctrrihaaciccattitlniiccg’asarllapggdrrareaactPddicLeeaAlPPgLL4rAA0ad4443e00D(44933w0DD%erwwdeeee5arr3ceeeMt55y33lPaMMtaedP(Pt)aaewn((tstaeeislnnepsssiuilltererceshsnttarrgseeetnnhdgg)fttarhhon))mdaann1Bd.di2o4b11a..(22ss44ipc,e((sscppifeeicciiffiicc graggvMrritaayavvl)aii.ttyyyTs))ih..ae.TTThchhheeeitccCihhnNii’ttsiFinnpw’’srsaappsctrrpiaacrccaettpliiccagaarrelladggdrfreraaodd(m9ee0%b((99a00md%%beoaddoce,eataaycncleedatttyyaelldaact)oteemwddm))asewwrpcaaisusalrppcCuhuNrarccFshhewadassaeefsrddoombffrrtoaoBimmnieodBBbiaioosbbicaa,ssiicc,, fMroamMffMlrarftoiroyaaotommhslnlmaaieaytytte.tchshshceiTieheeaalhnl..cccuieeeeTTqlllloulhClhluuuseeeNle.lloooCCslFssaeNNeebwla,lFlFabaaCb,bswwaC,,pnaaCCasrasnaaedapnpndararaa,aeeddr,appeaaasdaa,s,arraaaeefssrddstoataamffnnsrsrtdotdoaabmaamnnarrdddmbbaarabrarreemdomdffeoerbrbr,reeeooenaffoonecen,e,rrcdeeaatnnonnatccoddveecevoartateoiomfrccyvivomofteemymherreiitrmmffhcvyyieeeiaatrtrlvbhhcciieiCelaaaitbNlvlvyiiCCFlaaoibNtbNfywiitFlFlhiioatetsfywywitsooaoahobsfsfelatttoao-ihhsibbeenottleaaiiassdii-nonoleleaadd-tionttii3too.e2nnc.htTteenhcciehhqInunsoiielqqa.utuioeen.. and Characterisation of Cellulose Nanofibrillated Fibre from Bamboo
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