Superconductivity, antiferromagnetism and ferromagnetism in periodic table of D.I. Mendeleev

Abstract

Abstract Basic tendencies in the distribution of ferromagnetic (FM), antiferromagnetic (AFM) and superconductive (SC) elements in the periodic table D.I. Mendeleev are traced. FM is observed at the elements in which 3d-shell is more than half-filled (the number of 3d-electrons 6 ⩽ n ⩽ 8 ), and at the elements with 4f-shell, contained k electrons in 4f-shell, at which the sum k + n ⩾ 8 . Estimation of the radii of the d-, f- and p-orbitals on Slater method shown that 3d- and 4f-shells of FM are more pressing, than the ones with smaller n and k + n , and are well separated in crystal. AFM is observed at the elements, at which 3d- or 4f-shells are precisely half-filled. SC is observed in the 3d-, 4d- and 5d-elements at 1 ⩽ n ⩽ x , x grows from 3 in 3d-elements to 7 in 4d- and 5d-elements, and in 7th period only at n = 2 and k + n = 3 . Further, SC is observed at the elements, at which 3p-, 4p-, 5p- and 6p-shells contain no more than 4 electrons. In SC crystals the wave functions of external d- and p-electrons of each atom penetrate inside neighbor atoms and overlap with corresponding wave functions with smaller main quantum number than of central atom. In this case the separation of spin and charge in electron is quite possible and the charges without spin become bosons. Spins obtained magnetic moments are ordered antiparallel by two. At transfer that pair in the parallel state by magnetic field its magnetic flux from magnetic field component along of magnetic field is equal to 1 fluxon (quant of magnetic flux).