Superconductivity, antiferromagnetism and ferromagnetism in periodic table of D.I. Mendeleev

Abstract

Definite regularity in the distribution of ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic and superconducting elements is observed in the periodic table starting with the 4th period. Elements with superconductivity, by which d-shells start to fill up, are at the beginning of each period; then follow antiferromagnetics and ferromagnetics (in 4th period and lanthanides), or elements without any of the three listed order types (5th period and 6th period), in which the d (f)-shells continue to fill up almost exceedingly; then again appear superconductors by filling the p-shell up to the number is equal to 4. We calculated the radii of the external d (f)- and p-orbitals and the nearest to them orbitals with the Slater method. These trends were explained by distinction of degree of division of the external d (f)- or p-orbitals of the neighboring atoms in the crystal. Largest division occurs in ferromagnetics. In antiferromagnetics it is smaller than in ferromagnetics. It is demonstrated that in the superconducting crystals the external dor p-shells approach the nucleus of neighboring atoms are much closely those for ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic crystals. Furthermore the external d- or p-shells of some elements in the 5th and 6th periods approach the deeper shells of neighboring atoms. Hence the electron in this shell is situated in neighboring atoms in a different electric field from its own. This fact is open to speculation that the separation of spin and charge in electron, disposed on the external d- or p-orbitals, is quite possible. The charges without spin become bosons. Spins that have the magnetic moments are ordered antiparallel in pairs. Magnetic field transfers this pair in a parallel state and a magnetic flux component along of magnetic field from the pair is equal to one fluxon (the quant of the magnetic flux).