Sunlight-Induced Immunosuppression in Humans Is Initially Because of UVB, Then UVA, Followed by Interactive Effects

Abstract

Solar-simulated ultraviolet radiation (ssUV) suppresses immunity in humans. The ultraviolet B (UVB) waveband is recognized as immunosuppressive; however the relative significance of UVA to ssUV immunosuppression is unknown. We created dose and time-response curves for UVB-, UVA-, and ssUV-induced suppression of memory immunity to nickel in humans. UVB caused immunosuppression within 24 h. UVA immunosuppression required 48 h and was normalized by 72 h. UVB alone accounts for ssUV immunosuppression at 24 h, but both UVB and UVA contributed at 48 h. By 72 h neither waveband accounted for ssUV immunosuppression. An interaction between these wavebands was therefore the major contributor. To confirm this dose-response curves were used to determine immune protection factors (IPF) for sunscreens with nickel challenge 72 h following ssUV. A sunscreen with good UVA protection had an IPF twice that of a poor UVA protector, despite providing similar protection from sunburn. Thus UVA was a major contributor to ssUV-induced immunosuppression at 72 h but only with the cooperation of UVB. Hence, UVB initiates immunosuppressive signals within 24 h, followed by UVA at 48 h, then an interaction between UVB and UVA. By 72 h following ssUV exposure, neither UVB nor UVA, but an interaction between them is the major cause of sunlight-induced immunosuppression.