Sufism and Islamic groups in contemporary Turkey

Abstract

Sufism, the mystical tradition of Islam, is based on the pursuit of spiritual truth by transcending (not necessarily refuting) Islamic law through ascetic and esoteric practices. Sufi orders believe that the Qu’ran has two levels of meaning: an outer ( zahir ) and an inner ( batin ) level. The outer level is accessible to all, but is less valuable, while the inner level is accessible only to initiated disciples of the mystical orders. Each sufi order ( tarikat ) formulates a distinctive way of seeking divine love and truth, based on the teachings of a spiritual master, or seyh. The murid , or initiated member of a sufi order, forms a personal relationship with the seyh, who assigns disciplinary practices of asceticism, self-humiliation, and zikir (repeating the names of God) in order to purify his/her carnal desires. In the Ottoman period, sufi orders such as the Naksibendi, Kadiri and Mevlevi respected Sunni orthodoxy, while favouring mystical experience over legalistic formalism. They perpetuated orthodox Sunni Islam through their large network of sufi lodges ( tekke ). There also were heterodox sufi orders such as the Bektasi that combined Shiite beliefs with pre-Islamic folk beliefs. There also are religious communities ( cemaat ) that originate in the sufi tradition, but have moved away from personal spirituality towards a more institutionalised social or political project intended to increase Islamic consciousness in society. These communities value social and religious activism more highly than individual spiritual advancement through mystical experience. Followers emphasise the religious teachings and activities of the collectivity rather than characteristics of the leader for spiritual guidance.