Abstract
Changes of plant communities (or biotic communities) are classified according to their causes. The term succession is restricted inClements' original sense to gradual directional replacemental changes of phytocenoses (or biocenoses) caused by their reaction upon the environment including soil development and a classification of succession is proposed. Gradual changes of communities caused by external factors are termed adaptive changes. The connection between succession and soil development as a unified process as well as the concept of climax as its result are discussed. A brief historical survey of the theory of succession as well as soil development is presented and definitions of some successional terms are proposed.
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