Abstract
Global warming is predicted to significantly alter species physiology, biotic interactions and thus ecosystem functioning, as a consequence of coexisting species exhibiting a wide range of thermal sensitivities. There is, however, a dearth of research examining warming impacts on natural communities.Here, we used a natural warming experiment in Iceland to investigate the changes in above‐ground terrestrial plant and invertebrate communities along a soil temperature gradient (10°C–30°C).The α‐diversity of plants and invertebrates decreased with increasing soil temperature, driven by decreasing plant species richness and increasing dominance of certain invertebrate species in warmer habitats. There was also greater species turnover in both plant and invertebrate communities with increasing pairwise temperature difference between sites. There was no effect of temperature on percentage cover of vegetation at the community level, driven by contrasting effects at the population level.There was a reduction in the mean body mass and an increase in the total abundance of the invertebrate community, resulting in no overall change in community biomass. There were contrasting effects of temperature on the population abundance of various invertebrate species, which could be explained by differential thermal tolerances and metabolic requirements, or may have been mediated by changes in plant community composition.Our study provides an important baseline from which the effect of changing environmental conditions on terrestrial communities can be tracked. It also contributes to our understanding of why community‐level studies of warming impacts are imperative if we are to disentangle the contrasting thermal responses of individual populations.
Highlights
The average global surface temperature has increased by 0.8°C since 1880 and is predicted to rise by at least 1.5°C during the century (IPCC, 2014)
We tested the following four hypotheses: (1) α-diversity of plants and invertebrates decreases with increasing soil temperature; (2) species turnover of plants and invertebrates increases with increasing pairwise temperature difference between sites; (3) the mean body mass of invertebrates declines with increasing soil temperature at the community- and population levels; and (4) percentage cover of vegetation and the total abundance and biomass of invertebrates decrease with increasing soil temperature at the community level, with variable effects at the population level
The effect of temperature on the percentage cover of the plant community and the mean body mass, total abundance and total biomass of the invertebrate community in July 2013 were explored with generalised additive models (GAM)
Summary
The average global surface temperature has increased by 0.8°C since 1880 and is predicted to rise by at least 1.5°C during the century (IPCC, 2014). There is widespread empirical support for declining body mass with warming at the community and population levels (see Daufresne et al, 2009; Kingsolver & Huey, 2008 for reviews) The mechanisms underlying these patterns remain contentious (see Gardner, Peters, Kearney, Joseph, & Heinsohn, 2011; Klok & Harrison, 2013), with thermoregulation in endotherms (Porter & Kearney, 2009), “rate-size” trade-offs in ectotherms (DeLong, 2012) and competition for limiting nutrients in unicellular algae (Reuman, Holt, & Yvon-Durocher, 2014) among the explanations. We tested the following four hypotheses: (1) α-diversity of plants and invertebrates decreases with increasing soil temperature; (2) species turnover of plants and invertebrates increases with increasing pairwise temperature difference between sites; (3) the mean body mass of invertebrates declines with increasing soil temperature at the community- and population levels; and (4) percentage cover of vegetation and the total abundance and biomass of invertebrates decrease with increasing soil temperature at the community level, with variable effects at the population level
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