Abstract
Adaptive thermogenesis and reduced fat oxidative capacity may accompany weight loss, continuing in weight maintenance. The present study aimed (1) to determine whether weight-reduced and weight-loss relapsed women are at greater metabolic risk for weight gain compared with BMI-matched controls with no weight-loss history, and (2) to identify protective strategies that might attenuate weight loss-associated adaptive thermogenesis and support successful weight-loss maintenance. Four groups of women were recruited: reduced-overweight/obese (RED, n 15), controls (low-weight stable weight; LSW, n 19) BMI <27 kg/m2; relapsed-overweight/obese (REL, n 11), controls (overweight/obese stable weight; OSW, n 11) BMI >27 kg/m2. Body composition (bioelectrical impedance), 75 g oral glucose tolerance test, fasting and postprandial metabolic rate (MR) and substrate utilisation (RER) and physical activity (accelerometer (7 d)) were measured. Sociobehavioural questionnaires and 3 × 24 h diet recalls were completed. Fasting and postprandial MR, RER and total daily energy intake (TDEI) were not different between RED and REL v. controls (P > 0·05). RED consumed less carbohydrate (44·8 (sd 10·3) v. 53·4 (sd 10·0) % TDEI, P = 0·020), more protein (19·2 (sd 6·0) v. 15·6 (sd 4·2) % TDEI, P = 0·049) and increased physical activity, but behaviourally reported greater dietary restraint (P = 0·002) compared with controls. TDEI, macronutrient intake and physical activity were similar between OSW and REL. REL reported higher subjective fasting and lower postprandial ratings of prospective food consumption compared with OSW. Weight-reduced women had similar RMR (adjusted for fat-free mass) compared with controls with no weight-loss history. Increased physical activity, higher protein intake and greater lean muscle mass may have counteracted weight loss-associated metabolic compensation and highlights their importance in weight-maintenance programmes.
Highlights
Adaptive thermogenesis and reduced fat oxidative capacity may accompany weight loss, continuing in weight maintenance
Adaptive thermogenesis describes the reduction in total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) (including RMR and nonresting energy expenditure (NREE)) in response to energy deficit, beyond that predicted by changes in body composition, and is implicated in a reduced capacity for ongoing weight loss as well as weight-loss relapse[13,14,15,16]
While slower rates of weight loss allow for greater loss of fat mass (FM) and preservation of fat-free mass (FFM), this does not reduce the adaptive decline in RMR following 10 % weight loss[17]
Summary
Adaptive thermogenesis and reduced fat oxidative capacity may accompany weight loss, continuing in weight maintenance. The present study aimed [1] to determine whether weight-reduced and weight-loss relapsed women are at greater metabolic risk for weight gain compared with BMI-matched controls with no weight-loss history, and [2] to identify protective strategies that might attenuate weight loss-associated adaptive thermogenesis and support successful weight-loss maintenance. Weight-reduced women had similar RMR (adjusted for fat-free mass) compared with controls with no weight-loss history. Higher protein intake and greater lean muscle mass may have counteracted weight loss-associated metabolic compensation and highlights their importance in weight-maintenance programmes. Adaptive thermogenesis describes the reduction in total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) (including RMR and nonresting energy expenditure (NREE)) in response to energy deficit, beyond that predicted by changes in body composition, and is implicated in a reduced capacity for ongoing weight loss as well as weight-loss relapse[13,14,15,16].
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