Abstract
Oven dried cassava residues, corn straw silage, elephant grass and sugarcane tail silage were used as substrates to do a 24 h of incubation with a 100 ml glass syringe at 39°C. Gas production was recorded at the end of incubation and ruminal fluid was harvested to determine volatile fatty acids (VFA) using gas chromatograph, quantify microbial populations using real time PCR, and analyze microbial community using high throughput sequencing. Results showed in vitro incubation not only decreased population of bacteria, fungi, methanogen and some cellulolytic bacteria (P<0.05), but also increased diversity of bacteria, reversed Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio, and decreased abundance of Prevotella, M. gottschalkii and Entodinium. Gas production, acetate/propionate ratio and abundances of Succiniclasticum, Entodinium and Diploplastron were the highest, while total VFA concentration, fungal and cellulolytic bacterial populations, and abundances of Methanomassiliicoccales and Ostracodinium were the lowest with cassava residues (P<0.05). Influence on fermentation pattern and microbiota of three gramineous substrates was similar, but inoculum incubated with sugarcane tail silage had higher abundance of Methanomassiliicoccales and Diplodinium. In conclusion, cassava residues which is a low neutral detergent fiber forage showed a completely different fermentation pattern and influence on microbe community indicated NDF was the most crucial factor to determine microbial community in vitro.
Highlights
Forage usually makes up half or more of the ruminants’ diet, influencing dry matter intake and microbial community composition both in vivo and in vitro [1-3]
For the microbial populations; it was found the gene number of bacteria, fungi, P. ruminicola, R. albus, F. succinogenes, and S. ruminantium were lower with cassava residues (P
Fungal population was drastically decreased by incubation with the four substrates. This result was consistent with the findings of Soto et al [32], who reported that populations of bacteria, fungi, F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens were decreased in fermented inoculum as compared with those in fresh rumen fluid, and this study reported that bacteria, fungi, methanogens, and F. succinogenes were decreased even though a single-flow continuous-cultivation system was used
Summary
Forage usually makes up half or more of the ruminants’ diet, influencing dry matter intake and microbial community composition both in vivo and in vitro [1-3]. Due to high biodiversity in tropical and subtropical areas, a variety of roughages is available for the ruminants. Cassava starch residue is a source of non-forage fiber which has potential to be used as both beef and dairy cattle diet, as its dry matter contains low fiber but high soluble carbohydrates [7]. Sugarcane is the most productive crop in the tropical areas, and its tail that contains most of leaves is a nutritious forage for the ruminants [9]. Elephant grass is a fast-growing plant and famous for its higher production in the subtropical areas. It is extensively used as a stable forage source for the ruminants [10]
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