Subterranean species of Anemadus Reitter: systematics, phylogeny and evolution of the Chinese "Anemadus smetanai" species group (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae: Anemadini)

Abstract

The “Anemadus smetanai ” species group (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae: Anemadini) is revised. The species group is redefined, including Anemadus smetanai Růžička, 1999, A. kabaki Perreau, 2009 from China: Sichuan province and five new species: A. grebennikovi sp.n. (Yunnan province: Jizu Shan Mts.), A. haba sp.n. (Yunnan province: Haba Xue Shan Mt.), A. hajeki sp.n. (Yunnan province: Cang Shan Mt., Yulong Xue Shan Mts.), A. imurai sp.n. (Sichuan province: Mt. Mianya Shan) and A. tangi sp.n. (Xizang autonomous region: Linzhi county). The species of this group show gradual morphological modifications linked to their endogean life. The conditions of this subterranean evolution and the link with high altitudinal biotopes are discussed. A phylogenetic analysis based on morphological characters is presented. A key for identification of species is provided and the geographical distributions of the seven species are mapped. A new synapomorphy (female genital annulus) is presented. It may provide a significant tool to understand the phylogeny of the Anemadini.