Abstract
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) has been identified in numerous plant species. Brassica napus CMS plants, such as Polima (pol), MI, and Shaan 2A, have been identified independently by different researchers with different materials in conventional breeding processes. How this kind of CMS emerges is unclear. Here, we report the mitochondrial genome sequence of the prevalent mitotype in the most widely used pol-CMS line, which has a length of 223,412 bp and encodes 34 proteins, 3 ribosomal RNAs, and 18 tRNAs, including two near identical copies of trnH. Of these 55 genes, 48 were found to be identical to their equivalents in the “nap” cytoplasm. The nap mitotype carries only one copy of trnH, and the sequences of five of the six remaining genes are highly similar to their equivalents in the pol mitotype. Forty-four open reading frames (ORFs) with unknown function were detected, including two unique to the pol mitotype (orf122 and orf132). At least five rearrangement events are required to account for the structural differences between the pol and nap sequences. The CMS-related orf224 neighboring region (∼5 kb) rearranged twice. PCR profiling based on mitotype-specific primer pairs showed that both mitotypes are present in B. napus cultivars. Quantitative PCR showed that the pol cytoplasm consists mainly of the pol mitotype, and the nap mitotype is the main genome of nap cytoplasm. Large variation in the copy number ratio of mitotypes was found, even among cultivars sharing the same cytoplasm. The coexistence of mitochondrial mitotypes and substoichiometric shifting can explain the emergence of CMS in B. napus.
Highlights
The major contribution of the mitochondrion to plant growth and development is the production of energy [1]
cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) emergence undoubtedly stems from alteration of the mitochondrial genome [15,17], but the question is whether this kind of genomic alteration is the result of toxic genes being inserted during the past century or from the substoichiometric shifting of mitochondrial DNA molecules
The atp1 sequences differ by one synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), as do the trnC and trnE sequences
Summary
The major contribution of the mitochondrion to plant growth and development is the production of energy [1]. Research revealed that unique deleterious genes inserted into the mitochondrial genome confer CMS traits on natural plant germplasm [15,16]. Natural CMS has been identified in more than 150 species over the past century [17]. CMS emergence undoubtedly stems from alteration of the mitochondrial genome [15,17], but the question is whether this kind of genomic alteration is the result of toxic genes being inserted during the past century or from the substoichiometric shifting of mitochondrial DNA molecules. In cybrids between CMS radish and B. napus, mitochondrial genomic components of the two species coexist in stable rapeseed progenies, and the phenomena of substoichiometric shifting has been observed between male fertile and sterile plants [21]
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