Abstract
Substitutional Studies of Powdered Palm Kernel Shell (PPKS) for Carbon Black, Kaolin and Calcium Carbonate as Fillers in Natural Rubber Compounding
Highlights
Natural rubber crumbs have always been the major input in rubber compounding, while reinforcing fillers such as carbon black, (CaCO3) and Kaolin are the conventional nonrenewable fillers used
The results obtained reveal that Powdered Palm Kernel Shell (PPKS) exhibited improved compounding and cure characteristics than CBN330, Kaolin and CaCO3, and has better hardness, but less tensile strength than CBN330
PPKS can be used as semi-reinforcing filler and a substitute for CBN330 where elongation at break (EB) and hardness are desired
Summary
Natural rubber crumbs have always been the major input in rubber compounding, while reinforcing fillers such as carbon black, (CaCO3) and Kaolin are the conventional nonrenewable fillers used. The utilization of cocoa-pod husks and rubber seed shells as fillers in natural rubber compounding have been studied [2]. The mechanical properties of natural rubber reinforced by agricultural waste products have been evaluated [3]. Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) has been studied as filler with flame retardant properties in Styrene-butadiene rubber [5]. Carbonized plantain peel has been investigated to substitute N330 Carbon black, to improve the cure characteristics, physico-mechanical and equilibrium swelling properties in natural rubber vulcanizates [6]. Rheological rubber compounded with blend of carbonized melon seed shell and carbon black has been investigated [7]. Tensile strength properties of oil palm empty fruit Bunch-Polyurethane composite have been Studied [8]
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