Abstract
The spatial resolution and force sensitivity of frequency modulation atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM) in liquid have been dramatically improved in the last a few years. It is now possible to image individual atoms and molecules at a solid/liquid interface with a subnanometer-scale resolution and a piconewton-order loading force. This capability enabled the direct visualization of hydration layers and mobile ions on a lipid bilayer and β-strands constituting an amyloid fibril. These striking results highlighted the significant potential of FM-AFM in biological research. Here, I summarize the technological innovation that brought about this progress and review biological applications of FM-AFM in liquid.
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