Abstract
Fipronil (FPN) is a broad-spectrum N-phenylpyrazole insecticide and has been used in agriculture and public health since the mid-1990s. The present study was designed to investigate the adverse effects of sub-chronic exposure to the FPN on the liver and kidney of male rats at three concentrations 0.1, 1 and 10mg/L in drinking water for 45 days. Serum aspartate aminotransferases (AST), alanine aminotransferases (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and levels of uric acid, creatinine and total protein were significantly increased in FPN-treated rats. Oxidative stress biomarkers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reduced (GSH) were significantly decreased, while lipid peroxidation (LPO) was significantly increased in treating rats in a concentration dependent manner. FPN caused histopathological alterations in liver and kidney of male rats. From our results, it can be concluded that FPN induced lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, liver, and kidney injury in rats. These pathophysiological changes in liver and kidney tissues could be due to the toxic effect of FPN that associated with a generation of free radicals.
Highlights
Fipronil (FPN, 5-amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethylphenyl)-4-(trifluoro-methylsulfinyl) pyrazole-3carbonitrile) is a phenylpyrazole insecticide that is extensively used to control insects in different cereal crops and in public health management [1]
The results of the present study indicate that subchronic exposure to 1 and 10 mg/L of FPN cause liver and kidney damage in treated rats compared to control as shown by increases in serum marker enzymes AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) along with increases in creatinine, uric acid and total protein levels in a concentration dependent manner
Results revealed that FPN treatment caused oxidative stress in the liver and kidney of male rats, which is evident from the generation of lipid peroxidation (LPO)
Summary
Fipronil (FPN, 5-amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethylphenyl)-4-(trifluoro-methylsulfinyl) pyrazole-3carbonitrile) is a phenylpyrazole insecticide that is extensively used to control insects in different cereal crops and in public health management [1]. It is more effective than organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroids insecticides against several species of Lepidoptera, Orthoptera and Coleopteran [2,3]. Exposure to phenylpyrazole pesticides is a global public health issue and concerns are increased regarding the relative safety of these pesticide groups because of widespread use, their toxicity, and releases into the environment. Complete selectivity of pesticides is difficult and most of the pesticides are toxic to non-target organisms, including humans [7]
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